Before the end of the decade, this network was expanded to include institutions on the West Coast with higher bandwidth. It was then that Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Dartmouth College linked up with speeds of up to 50 Kbps. The mid-1960s also saw the beginnings of broadband technology linking computers. Two-way radio transmission expanded to police units, throughout the military, and eventually to outer space in the early 1960s. By 1912 two-way radio communication was available on ships. 19, 20 Wireless communications, innovated in the late 1800s, began to mature in the early 1900s. 18 The golden age of the telegraph was cut short with Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone in 1876, with the direct dial phone patented just 13 years later. The transcontinental telegraph was connected on October 24, 1861. Over the next 10 to 15 years lines linked most of the major cities on the East Coast. 17 In 1844, he sent a message from the Capitol in Washington to Baltimore, after which commercial telegraphy began to scale quickly in America. He made his first transmission in January 1838, across 2 miles of wire near Morristown, New Jersey.
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Although numerous scientists throughout Europe and Russia experimented with electromagnetic telecommunications in the 1800s, Samuel Morse is credited with bringing the telegraph to scale because of a standard code for communications. The electronic age of communication began with the electrical telegraph. By 1950, house calls decreased to 10% of visits, and to less than 1% by 1980. Only 40% of physician encounters were conducted via house call by 1930. 9 As the equipment and treatments became more sophisticated and cumbersome, physicians opened offices or treated patients in hospitals. However, despite the development of formal hospitals, physicians generally performed medical care in the homes of their patients, a practice that continued throughout that century. During this time, Johns Hopkins and other academic centers were built. During the 1800s, significant advancements began to occur, including the development of the stethoscope, antiseptic surgery, anesthesia, germ theory, and vaccines. 8 This was followed by New York Hospital, which was chartered in 1771. Thomas Bond led to the establishment of Pennsylvania Hospital, which upon its opening in 1751 became the first hospital in the continental United States. Health care evolved over time, from a largely nonscientific discipline involving home remedies and traveling doctors, to one encompassing vast amounts of scientific knowledge, increasingly reliant on technology, technical expertise, and complex systems of care. 3 With the fall of the Roman, Greek, and Egyptian civilizations came a decline in the formal study and practice of medicine in these cultures. 4 Around 100 BCE, the Romans erected buildings called valetudinarians for the care of sick slaves, gladiators, and soldiers. 2, 3 In approximately 300 BCE in India, specific structures were constructed for health care, with basic sanitization standards. 2 People (pilgrims) traveled great distances to these temples to seek medical advice, prognosis, and healing. The Asclepion Temples that the Greeks erected became some of the world's first health centers.
1 By 420 BCE medicine began to develop standards, with Hippocrates credited for initiating the age of “rational medicine.” That era was characterized by the development of the idea that diseases have natural causes and the origination of the concept of ethics in medicine, perpetuated as the Hippocratic Oath. 1 In many cultures, over time, healers became known as physicians the first acknowledged physician, an Egyptian named Imhotep, lived during the 27th century BCE. These healers normally required communication with and ideally visualization of the patient in order to diagnose and treat. Healers such as shamans, priests, and medicine men or women are known to have been part of prehistoric cultures. Since early human history and throughout many cultures, accessing a healer or someone with “expert health knowledge” was considered beneficial in alleviating maladies.